(2001) modeled depletion of chlorine during washing of fresh-cut spinach with chlorinated water at different chlorine concentrations, water-to-produce ratios, and treatment times, all of which affected extent of depletion. It plays a vital role in counteracting the viruses, flu and common colds. longifolia (Lam.) This strategy is claimed to increase population reductions of attached human pathogens and background microflora by 1 log over that obtained by a post-cutting sanitizer wash; also, a reduction in cross-contamination is obtained (Nou and Luo, 2010). Commercially sold romaine lettuce has occasionally been the subject of product warnings by both U.S. and Canadian health authorities warning that consumer supplies can become contaminated with or host pathogenic E. coli bacteria. Population reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. Improvements in chlorine efficiency during fresh-cut processing can be obtained by washing whole lettuce leaves in sanitizer solution prior to cutting, thereby reducing the release of organic matter which would deplete chlorine and reduce microbial inactivation. Romaine lettuce goes well with vegetables, seeds. Vitamin C and Vitamin A prevents the DNA damage and also controls malignant cells. Gerald M. Sapers, in The Produce Contamination Problem (Second Edition), 2014. (2001), with iceberg lettuce spot inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Other studies with inoculated romaine and iceberg lettuce reported 2-log reductions (Yang et al., 2003; Koseki et al., 2004). (2008) reported 1- to 2-log reductions with neutral electrolyzed water. The fecal contamination spots appeared as light white spots in all ratio images. [5], It apparently reached Western Europe via Rome, as it is called lattuga romana in Italian and laitue romaine in French, both meaning “Roman lettuce”. The nutrition found in Romaine lettuce eradicates acne. All rights reserved. Leafy green products include romaine lettuce, green leaf lettuce, red leaf lettuce, butter lettuce, baby leaf lettuce, escarole, endive, spring mix, spinach, cabbage, kale, arugula, and chard. The adequate intake of folate helps to promote safe pregnancy and prevent birth defects. Presumably, this is a consequence of the strong attachment of contaminants to inaccessible sites on the leaf surface and cut edges, internalization of bacterial cells within the leaf (Solomon et al., 2002), and incorporation of cells within resistant biofilms (Carmichael et al., 1999) so that contact between the human pathogens and sanitizing agent is insufficient for inactivation (see Chapter 2). Disclaimer, e-mail: [email protected] No reference that we have lists this species as invasive in North America. Most varieties of lettuce exude small amounts of a white, milky liquid when their leaves are broken. Riddell – biannual lettuce P: Species Lactuca ×morssii B.L. They suggested that this might be due to a reduction in the population of indigenous microflora, thereby giving L. innocua a competitive advantage. [10], As with other dark leafy greens, the antioxidants found in romaine lettuce are believed to help prevent cancer. Likewise, avocado/butter pea was reported to contain up to 110 μg of folate per cup. [26], "Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing, United States Centers for Disease Control, "Outbreak of, Public Health Agency of Canada, "Public Health Notice - Outbreak of, "AICR's Foods That Fight Cancer: Dark Green Leafy Vegetables", "E. coli outbreak warning expands to all types of romaine lettuce", "Our national romaine lettuce crisis is over, says the CDC. Reductions in the total microbial populations were only 2 to 3 logs. Reductions in the total microbial populations were only 2 to 3 logs. Romaine lettuce is a nutritious food because of its high water content and low calorie content. However, the fact that the time interval between inoculation and treatment was brief (∼1 h) may have contributed to the large reductions by precluding opportunities for bacterial internalization and biofilm formation that might otherwise have occurred if the samples had been stored prior to treatment. Lang et al. Calories 8 Kcal. They are good source of Vitamin A, folate, Vitamin K and dietary fiber. The plant produces elongated and loaf-shaped heads which arise upright from the center stem. The standard size of a Vegetus lettuce is 70–90 g for the regular size, and 50–60 g for the mini size. Nutritionally, lettuce is no worse or better that most greens and is better nutritionally than most fruits (Table 18-11).96 Romaine, for example, contains 35% protein and 0.7% calcium (DM basis). Hence the name "romain", the common term in North America. romana Schübl. Studies by Ortega et al. It spread to Roman Empire, India and China. Pirovani et al. Arizona produces about 19%. In addition, the chlorophyll a content of spinach is approximately three times higher than that of romaine lettuce (Aguero, Barg, Yommi, Camelo, & Roura, 2008), and spinach leaves exhibit a relatively homogeneous surface, while the veined leaves of romaine lettuce exhibit greater variegation. Figure 19.5. Scientific name is the name conforming to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Other FDA-approved alternatives to chlorine, including ozone, ClO2, PAA, organic acids, and detergents have been evaluated for use as sanitizing agents for lettuce. The action of harvesting and processing of leafy greens can also result in the release of plant exudates along cut edges. (2001), with iceberg lettuce spot inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes.
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