The early Nyaya school of Hinduism, for example, was non-theist/atheist,[220] but later Nyaya school scholars argued that God exists and offered proofs using its theory of logic. [51] This Arabic term was itself taken from the pre-Islamic Persian term Hindū, which refers to all Indians. [89] According to Vivekananda, there is an essential unity to Hinduism, which underlies the diversity of its many forms. The wish of European Orientalists "to establish a textual basis for Hinduism", akin to the Protestant culture, [T]he identification of Vedanta, more specifically, According to Niranjan Dhar's theory that Vedanta was favored because British feared French influence, especially the impact of the. [300] Food affects body, mind and spirit in Hindu beliefs. [web 17][316] While the choice of the deity is at the discretion of the Hindu, the most observed traditions of Hindu devotion include Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism. [note 1][note 2] It is the world's third-largest religion with over 1.25 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. The cow in Hindu society is traditionally identified as a caretaker and a maternal figure,[298] and Hindu society honours the cow as a symbol of unselfish giving. [343] An elaborate periodisation may be as follows:[12], Hinduism is a fusion[349][note 3] or synthesis[10][note 4] of various Indian cultures and traditions. Some mobility and flexibility within the varnas challenge allegations of social discrimination in the caste system, as has been pointed out by several sociologists,[365][366] although some other scholars disagree. Both theistic and atheistic ideas, for epistemological and metaphysical reasons, are profuse in different schools of Hinduism. [16][17], Hindu practices include rituals such as pujā (worship) and recitations, japa, meditation (dhyāna), family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. R Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing. 41-48; Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. [363], The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo-Aryans,[364][note 24] lasted from c. 1500 to 500 BCE. dharma of sugar is to be sweet, fire to be hot). Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all. [note 28] Scholars regard Hinduism as a synthesis[428][33] of various Indian cultures and traditions,[33][110][428] with diverse roots[26] and no single founder. Sharma, C. (1997). Hinduism has produced the profoundest metaphysics that we know of. [120] Hindu Dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous. [71] It emphasizes universal spiritual values such as social justice, peace and "the spiritual transformation of humanity. Bhakti marga, states Pechelis, is more than ritual devotionalism, it includes practices and spiritual activities aimed at refining one's state of mind, knowing god, participating in god, and internalizing god. I must tell you in all humility that Hinduism, as I know it, entirely satisfies my soul, fills my whole being, and I find solace in the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads that I miss even in the Sermon on the Mount....I must confess to you that when doubts haunt me, when disappointments stare me in the face, and when I see not one ray of light on the horizon I turn to the Bhagavad Gita, and find a verse to comfort me; and I immediately begin to smile in the midst of overwhelming sorrow. [221][222] Of the Shrutis (Vedic corpus), they alone are widely influential among Hindus, considered scriptures par excellence of Hinduism, and their central ideas have continued to influence its thoughts and traditions. Followers of Shaktism recognize Shakti as the power that underlies the male principle. [457][458][459], Bhakti ideas centered around loving devotion to Vishnu and Shiva with songs and music, were pioneered in this period by the Alvars and Nayanars of South India. Krishna Rambally, and the Secretary General from 1977 to his death on November 16, 2019 was Satnarayan Maharaj, son-in-law of the founder, Bhadase Sagan Maraj. [520][521][522] Within India, archeological and textual evidence such as the 2nd century BCE Heliodorus pillar suggest that Greeks and other foreigners converted to Hinduism. [111][note 15], Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include (but are not restricted to) Dharma (ethics/duties), Samsāra (the continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth), Karma (action, intent and consequences), Moksha (liberation from samsara or liberation in this life), and the various Yogas (paths or practices). [4][82][note 14], Some have referred to Hinduism as the Vaidika dharma. [26][27] Some religious commentators have compared the Sanatani-Samaji dichotomy within Hinduism as similar to the Catholic-Protestant division in Christianity. The weak overcomes the stronger by Dharma, as over a king. 1.3.19), Then, in the Kali yuga, He (Vishnu) in the form of Vyasa, divides one Veda into many parts for the benefit (of men). Sanatana Dharma denotes duties performed according to one's spiritual identity as Ātman. "Preclassical" period. Hindu traditionalists prefer to call it Sanatana Dharma (the eternal or ancient dharma). [434][note 30] The subsequent period, between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions",[437] and a formative period for Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. [45][46][47] Before the British began to categorise communities strictly by religion, Indians generally did not define themselves exclusively through their religious beliefs; instead identities were largely segmented on the basis of locality, language, varna, jāti, occupation and sect. These texts discuss theology, philosophy, mythology, Vedic yajna, Yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. As to Jains being Hindu dissenters, and, therefore governable by Hindu law, we are not told this date of secession [...] Jainism certainly has a longer history than is consistent with its being a creed of dissenters from Hinduism. The journey to a Tirtha, assert some Hindu texts, helps one overcome the sorrow of the loss. Shruti is apauruṣeyā, "not made of a man" but revealed to the rishis (seers), and regarded as having the highest authority, while the smriti are manmade and have secondary authority. Many texts describe the two primary paths adopted by the Jivatma; one outgoing and worldly where the Jivatma gathers the experience of samsara through the Pravrtti Marga and the second being Nivrtti Marga the inward or the returning path, where the Jivatma explores internally for the Self, the Eternal. "[184] Narratives in the Upanishads present characters questioning persons of authority. Iyengar, Paramahansa Yogananda, Prabhupada (founder of ISKCON), Sri Chinmoy, Swami Rama and others who translated, reformulated and presented Hinduism's foundational texts for contemporary audiences in new iterations, raising the profiles of Yoga and Vedanta in the West and attracting followers and attention in India and abroad. It is the only religion in which the time scales correspond, to those of modern scientific cosmology. 1 (Apr., 1964), pp. Upan. To theistic schools of Hinduism, moksha is liberation from samsara, while for other schools such as the monistic school, moksha is possible in current life and is a psychological concept. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Grundsätzlich besteht die ewige Tätigkeit des Atmans in einer dynamischen und liebevollen Beziehung zu Gott. [76], Some academics suggest that Hinduism can be seen as a category with "fuzzy edges" rather than as a well-defined and rigid entity. Nothing can equal the seeds sown by our ancestry. [web 25]. [95] It has developed partly due to "re-enculturation",[96] or the Pizza effect,[96] in which elements of Hindu culture have been exported to the West, gaining popularity there, and as a consequence also gained greater popularity in India. [52][note 11]. Such realization liberates one from samsara, thereby ending the cycle of rebirth, sorrow and suffering. [213] Theologically, the reincarnation idea is most often associated with the avatars of Hindu god Vishnu, though the idea has been applied to other deities. [73] He includes among "founded religions" Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism that are now distinct religions, syncretic movements such as Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society, as well as various "Guru-isms" and new religious movements such as Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and ISKCON. [197] Avatars are uncommon, and some Shaivas visualize god as half male, half female, as a fusion of the male and female principles (Ardhanarishvara). [183], Authority and eternal truths play an important role in Hinduism. or 15,000 B.C.E., they have their own unique place and stand by themselves in the literature of the world. [209][note 21] The multitude of Devas are considered as manifestations of Brahman. Sanatana Dharma also called Hinduism or Hindu Dharma has been called the oldest religion in the world,[note 2] and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal law," or the "eternal way,"[4] beyond human origins. [417] Grihastha stage starts with Hindu wedding, and has been considered as the most important of all stages in sociological context, as Hindus in this stage not only pursued a virtuous life, they produced food and wealth that sustained people in other stages of life, as well as the offsprings that continued mankind. Meistens passiert das im Verlauf einer Neugestaltung und Anpassung der Homepage. Paths of Yoga: Perspective for Workplace Spirituality. Benares is holy. Liberation from samsara through moksha is believed to ensure lasting happiness and peace. 7, No. For Sanatana the, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; On The Bhagavad Gita; A New Translation and Commentary With Sanskrit Text Chapters 1 to 6, Preface p.9, "I call myself a Sanatani Hindu, because I believe in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Puranas, and all that goes by the name of Hindu scripture, and therefore in avataras and rebirth; I believe in the varnashrama dharma in a sense, in my opinion strictly Vedic but not in its presently popular and distorted crude sense; I believe in the protection of cow.
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