Socioeconomic status. category indicates a greater proportion of DoD parents in the category, each quartile of the general population. As the quartiles divide Cancer Causes Control. In order to access the custom database, you must already have access to SEER research data through SEER*Stat in client-server mode. Thus, the 2000 SES index is based on the 2000 definitions, and the 2008-2014 SES indices are based on the 2010 census definitions. For the best fitting model (BG2), the most heavily weighted variables in the SES index were percent white population, percent owner occupied housing, per capita income, and the Gini index of income equality (Table 3). The census tracts in Minnesota and Wisconsin that contain the residential locations of patients included in this study are shown in Fig 1. Socio-economic status is defined as the position of an individual on a social-economic scale that measures factors such as education, income, type of occupation, place of residence, and, in some populations, heritage and religion [35]. More details on the variables used in the analysis are provided below. Allina Health may be reached at research@allina.com. There is little difference between obesity prevalence in the highest and lowest income group. Socioeconomic index scores reflecting the education, income, and prestige associated with individual occupations were computed from responses to DoD and CPS surveys. COVID-19 resources for psychologists, health-care workers and the public. Yes Screening adherence was significantly positively associated with ages 55–69 years, white race, non-Hispanic ethnicity, and former tobacco use. in the lowest and highest TSEI groups, the accessions reasonably reflect Adapted from APA’s Socioeconomic Status Office publications. No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? The four-category Census-based measure can be collapsed into the two- or three-category versions in several ways and, thus, provides a good deal of flexibility to the researcher. The ACS is administered annually to a nationally representative sample of about three million American households [42]. Factors that can affect SES, particularly for older women, include declining health and the death of a spouse. Several studies have also illuminated a correlation between the presence of limited parental education (used as a proxy for low SES) and obesity.7,8 Moreover, living in a low-income family corresponds with an increased risk of developing obesity in childhood. Thus, information about how households vary by SES, and the extent to which this relates to variables of interest, is central to questions such as how to target the poorest. Weight gained in pregnancy is often not entirely lost afterwards. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, APA’s Socioeconomic Status Office publications, Children, Youth, Families and Socioeconomic Status, Ethnic and Racial Minorities & Socioeconomic Status, The Psychology of Prejudice: From Attitudes to Social Action, Contextualizing Experiences of Discrimination, Perceived Underemployment Among African American Parents, Differences in Caregivers' Perceptions of the Need for Counseling, More publications about socioeconomic status, Education and Socioeconomic Status Factsheet, Committee on Socioeconomic Status Past Members, Ethnic and Racial Minorities & Socioeconomic Status, Call for Papers/Proposals/Nominations (5), © 2020 American Psychological Association. confidentiality of cancer registry data. Few CRCS-related studies have used smaller geographic scales such as US census tract, block group (a subset of census tract), or ZIP Code [20, 38]. INHANCE analysis of data from 31 studies from 27 countries indicates an increased risk for head and neck cancer of 2.5 (95% CI 2.02–3.09) for those of low education and income, independent of tobacco smoking, alcohol use and diets low in fruits and vegetables (Winn et al., 2015). Typical approaches to constructing an SES index include creating a sum of z-scores of selected variables [25–27, 32–35], using principal components analysis (PCA) [36], or using factor analysis [26–27, 33]. In our case, we found that a multi-scale SES index provided the best fit by combining an important variable available only at the census tract with a set of variables available at the block group. accessions. For fathers, the deficit in the fourth quartile was compensated decreased. It averaged approximately 0.8 over the range, which encompasses A review of the literature looking at the association between socio-economic status and obesity in men, women and children in both the developed and developing worlds was published by Sobal and Stunkard; this included 144 published study between 1960 and 1980 [31]. Yes Of the women from this sample, 6.3% had diabetes, by self-report. Socioeconomic status (SES) is one among important indicators to evaluate the health status and nutritional status of a family. of DoD fathers. This difference produced a representation ratio of The tract model CT2 limited to the variables used in the block group index in model BG1 had worse fit than the model BG1, indicating that using the block group spatial scale led to better fit. Per capita income was the next most highly weighted variable in this model index. [Abstract], Liu L, Deapen D, Bernstein L. Socioeconomic status and cancers of the female breast and reproductive organs: a comparison across racial/ethnic populations in Los Angeles County, California (United States). The relation for men and children in developed societies was inconsistent. This is meaningfully higher than the value of 137,748 for the model with weights estimated to be unequal, showing that allowing the variable importance to vary results in better model goodness-of-fit. The specialized Census Tract-level SES and Rurality Database (2000-2015) has three census tract-level attributes: socioeconomic status (SES) index and two rurality variables. The motivation for block group index 2 (BG2) was to determine if adding an important variable available at the census tract only improved the model fit of the block group index 1 (BG1). When the index weights for the best fitting model were fixed to be equal (w = 0.091), the AIC increased to 137,778. Yes The census data collected after each census year use the new definitions. Uncertainties about these estimates are not reflected. Data Availability: Study data are available upon request due to legal and ethical restrictions enforced respectively by Allina Health and the Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board. Those scores are then used together with the 2000 SES scores as the two end points to generate linear interpolants of 2001-2005 in 2000 definitions. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Is the Subject Area "Socioeconomic aspects of health" applicable to this article? In the SEER incidence database with linked census tract SES and rurality information, SEER cases diagnosed in 2000-2005 are geocoded using the 2000 definitions, and cases diagnosed in 2006-2015 are geocoded using t… The motivation for the 2012 index was to determine if an easily constructed SES index would provide a relatively good model fit. In addition, single SES variables cannot fully reflect the whole concept of area SES [30]. The components in the index are assumed to be reasonable to combine into an index (i.e., all are SES variables) and are constrained to have associations in the same direction with the outcome or have no association. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click and Warren, J.R. Socioeconomic Indexes for Occupations: 0-4 years, 5-9, 10-14, ……, 80-84, and 85 and older) and gender. Socioeconomic status (SES) is often considered a risk factor for health outcomes. In fact, using equal variable importance in this model led to a worse goodness-of-fit then the BG1 model, which omitted an important variable (the Gini index). Women living alone have the highest rates of poverty (15%), with marked differences across race and ethnicity. caused by the small number of respondents in this category. the TSEI categories. For any range of TSEI scores, this number is There are drawbacks to these common approaches. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179272.t001. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. Placing the SES index construction into a modeling framework allows one to explore different model specifications and select the model with the best goodness-of-fit. The variable percent of population ≥25 years with a bachelor's degree received effectively no weight across the models. 12 percent of DoD fathers and 15 percent of CPS fathers. Thus, enlisted The provider should point individuals to local resources that provide services and, if that is not possible, attempt to arrange for those services for the patient. When using z-scores in place of quantiles for SES variables, the AIC for the model with estimated weights was 137,754 and the AIC for the model with equal weights was 137,780, again demonstrating that estimating the weights led to a better fitting model. We considered several specifications of the SES index including using different spatial scales (e.g., census block group-level, tract-level) for the SES variables. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America. representation ratio. We estimated an index using the 2012 ESRI demographic data and multiple indices using the 2009–2013 ACS data. The race/ethnicity categories are Non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH-Black, NH-American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), NH-Asian Pacific Islander (API), and Hispanic. The method is designed to accommodate highly correlated data that create collinearity issues with traditional regression methods. We appreciate the assistance of Allina Health informatics staff in completing the data query and assistance from the study coordinator, Diane L. Bishop, MPH, in preparing the patient-level datasets for analyses. We then compared a model with an index of z-scores and estimated weights to a model with an index of z-scores and fixed and equal weights. accessions come from all socioeconomic levels. However, there is The model with the best goodness-of-fit included a multi-scale SES index with 10 variables at the block group-level and one at the tract-level, with home ownership, race, and income among the most important variables. Keywords: Socioeconomic status, Multidimensional index, Principal component analysis, Hierarchical classification, Small-area analysis. Changes in earning power over 10-years was found to predict changes in blood pressure over that interval more strongly even than socioeconomic status at baseline [162]. e0179272. The spatial scale of the demographic data variables assigned to patients during geocoding was the block group for point and street matches (93%) and was the tract for ZIP Code matches (7%).
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